Condition A to Z: A

An anal fissure is a small tear or cut in the lining of the anus. It can cause severe pain during and after bowel movements, as well as rectal bleeding. Anal fissures are common in both adults and children. They can be acute (lasting less than 6 weeks) or chronic (lasting more than 6 weeks). Early treatment helps to relieve symptoms and prevent chronic complications. Causes Passing large or hard stools during constipation Frequent diarrhoea causing irritation of the anal lining Childbirth trauma Anal intercourse Inflammatory conditions like Crohn’s disease Rarely, infections such as syphilis, tuberculosis, or HIV Pathophysiology An anal fissure usually starts with trauma to the anoderm (skin

Anorectal disorders are a group of conditions that affect the anus and rectum. They can cause discomfort, bleeding, pain, and difficulty with bowel movements. Common anorectal disorders include haemorrhoids, anal fissures, anorectal abscesses, fistulas, and rectal prolapse. Early diagnosis and management are important to prevent complications and improve quality of life. Causes Straining during bowel movements due to constipation or diarrhoea Chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Infections including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Trauma to the anorectal area (e.g., childbirth, surgery) Tumours (benign or malignant) Congenital abnormalities in some cases Pathophysiology Anorectal disorders often result from increased pressure within the anal canal, trauma to the lining of the