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      Condition A to Z: C

      Chickenpox

      Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It mainly affects children but can occur at any age. While usually mild in healthy individuals, it can lead to serious complications, particularly in adults, pregnant women, neonates, and immunocompromised individuals. Chickenpox is commonly recognised by its itchy, blister-like rash and is preventable through vaccination. Causes Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, a member of the herpesvirus family. The infection is primarily spread through respiratory droplets (coughing or sneezing) or direct contact with fluid from the blisters of an infected person. The virus is extremely contagious, with an incubation period of 10

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      Conjunctivitis

      Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear tissue covering the white part of the eye and inside of the eyelids. It is a very common condition seen in general practice, ophthalmology, and emergency settings. While usually mild, conjunctivitis can sometimes point towards more serious pathology, so accurate diagnosis and management following NICE and Royal College of Ophthalmologists guidance is essential. Causes Conjunctivitis can be caused by: Infections: Viral (most common, often adenovirus) Bacterial (such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae) Allergic reactions: To allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Chemical irritants: Such as chlorine, smoke, or cleaning fluids. Foreign bodies: Like dust or debris entering the eye.

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      Coryza (Common Cold)

      Coryza, commonly known as the common cold, is a mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, mainly affecting the nose and throat. It is self-limiting and usually resolves within 7 to 10 days without the need for specific treatment. Despite being a benign condition, it contributes significantly to lost work and school days and can lead to complications, particularly in vulnerable groups. Causes The common cold is mainly caused by viruses, with over 200 different types identified. The most common viruses include: Rhinoviruses (majority of cases) Coronaviruses (other than COVID-19 types) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Adenoviruses Parainfluenza viruses Pathophysiology The virus enters the body via the nose or mouth

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      Candidiasis

      Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth (oral thrush), skin, genitals (vaginal or penile candidiasis), and bloodstream (invasive candidiasis). Though it often causes mild infections, it can become serious, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Causes Candidiasis is caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungi, which normally live harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes. Overgrowth can occur when the body’s immune system is weakened or the normal balance of microorganisms is disrupted. Common triggers include antibiotic use, high sugar intake, poor hygiene, or underlying health conditions. Pathophysiology Candida species are opportunistic pathogens. When the

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      Congestive Heart Failure

      Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body’s needs. This leads to a build-up of fluid in the lungs, liver, abdomen, and lower limbs. CHF is a major cause of hospitalisation and reduced quality of life, particularly in older adults. Early diagnosis and proper management can significantly improve outcomes. Causes Coronary artery disease (most common cause) Hypertension Cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, or restrictive) Heart valve diseases (e.g., aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation) Arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation Congenital heart defects Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) Endocrine disorders like diabetes and thyroid disease Excessive alcohol intake, substance abuse (e.g.,

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