Drug Category: M

Generic Name: Metoprolol Common Brand Names: Lopressor, Toprol XL, Betaloc Introduction Metoprolol is a selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker used extensively in cardiovascular medicine. It reduces heart rate, myocardial contractility, and cardiac output, making it a cornerstone therapy for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and certain types of arrhythmias. Conditions of Use (Indications) 1. Hypertension: First-line or adjunct therapy to control high blood pressure. 2.Ischemic Heart Disease: Management of angina pectoris to reduce myocardial oxygen demand. 3. Heart Failure (HFrEF): Improves survival and reduces hospitalizations in stable chronic heart failure. 4. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI): Reduces mortality and the risk of recurrent infarction. 5. Arrhythmias: Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and atrial fibrillation

Generic Name: Methotrexate Common Brand Names: Trexall, Rheumatrex, Otrexup, Rasuvo Introduction Methotrexate is an antimetabolite and folate antagonist that is widely used in oncology and autoimmune diseases. It interferes with DNA synthesis, repair, and replication by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Conditions of Use (Indications) 1. Cancer: Treats various malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, and osteosarcoma. 2. Autoimmune Diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 3. Ectopic Pregnancy: Medical management to terminate pregnancy. Mechanism of Action Methotrexate inhibits DHFR, blocking the conversion of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, a necessary cofactor for purine and thymidylate synthesis. This disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells. At low doses, methotrexate exerts anti-inflammatory