Conditions A TO Z – Lambeth Health Press

Acne

Acne is a common inflammatory skin condition that affects the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, primarily during adolescence, though it can persist into adulthood. It typically appears on the face, chest, shoulders, and back and can cause both physical discomfort and emotional distress. Causes Acne is caused by several factors acting together: Increased production of sebum (an oily substance) by the sebaceous glands Blockage of hair follicles by dead skin cells and sebum Proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) bacteria within follicles Inflammation triggered by bacterial overgrowth and blocked follicles Hormonal changes, especially androgens, play a major role in increasing sebum production. Pathophysiology Acne begins when the opening of

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Anaemia

Anaemia is a condition where there is a reduced number of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues. It is a common health problem in both primary and secondary care and can be a standalone condition or a symptom of an underlying disease. Anaemia can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the cause and severity. Causes Anaemia has various causes, often classified into three main categories: Blood loss: Due to gastrointestinal bleeding (e.g., peptic ulcer, colorectal cancer), heavy menstruation, trauma, or surgery. Reduced red blood cell production: Seen in nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate), chronic kidney disease, bone

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Anal Fissures

An anal fissure is a small tear or cut in the lining of the anus. It can cause severe pain during and after bowel movements, as well as rectal bleeding. Anal fissures are common in both adults and children. They can be acute (lasting less than 6 weeks) or chronic (lasting more than 6 weeks). Early treatment helps to relieve symptoms and prevent chronic complications. Causes Passing large or hard stools during constipation Frequent diarrhoea causing irritation of the anal lining Childbirth trauma Anal intercourse Inflammatory conditions like Crohn’s disease Rarely, infections such as syphilis, tuberculosis, or HIV Pathophysiology An anal fissure usually starts with trauma to the anoderm (skin

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Angina Pectoris

Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is a type of chest pain that happens when the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood. It is usually a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD). Angina itself is not a disease but an indicator of an underlying heart problem that needs careful attention and management. Causes Coronary artery disease due to atherosclerosis (narrowing of heart arteries from fatty deposits) Coronary artery spasm (temporary tightening of the muscles within the artery walls) Severe anaemia reducing oxygen supply to the heart Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (thickening of the heart muscle) Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve) Uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension) increasing heart demand

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Anorectal Disorders

Anorectal disorders are a group of conditions that affect the anus and rectum. They can cause discomfort, bleeding, pain, and difficulty with bowel movements. Common anorectal disorders include haemorrhoids, anal fissures, anorectal abscesses, fistulas, and rectal prolapse. Early diagnosis and management are important to prevent complications and improve quality of life. Causes Straining during bowel movements due to constipation or diarrhoea Chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Infections including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Trauma to the anorectal area (e.g., childbirth, surgery) Tumours (benign or malignant) Congenital abnormalities in some cases Pathophysiology Anorectal disorders often result from increased pressure within the anal canal, trauma to the lining of the

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Candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth (oral thrush), skin, genitals (vaginal or penile candidiasis), and bloodstream (invasive candidiasis). Though it often causes mild infections, it can become serious, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Causes Candidiasis is caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungi, which normally live harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes. Overgrowth can occur when the body’s immune system is weakened or the normal balance of microorganisms is disrupted. Common triggers include antibiotic use, high sugar intake, poor hygiene, or underlying health conditions. Pathophysiology Candida species are opportunistic pathogens. When the

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Chickenpox

Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It mainly affects children but can occur at any age. While usually mild in healthy individuals, it can lead to serious complications, particularly in adults, pregnant women, neonates, and immunocompromised individuals. Chickenpox is commonly recognised by its itchy, blister-like rash and is preventable through vaccination. Causes Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, a member of the herpesvirus family. The infection is primarily spread through respiratory droplets (coughing or sneezing) or direct contact with fluid from the blisters of an infected person. The virus is extremely contagious, with an incubation period of 10

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Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body’s needs. This leads to a build-up of fluid in the lungs, liver, abdomen, and lower limbs. CHF is a major cause of hospitalisation and reduced quality of life, particularly in older adults. Early diagnosis and proper management can significantly improve outcomes. Causes Coronary artery disease (most common cause) Hypertension Cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, or restrictive) Heart valve diseases (e.g., aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation) Arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation Congenital heart defects Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) Endocrine disorders like diabetes and thyroid disease Excessive alcohol intake, substance abuse (e.g.,

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Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear tissue covering the white part of the eye and inside of the eyelids. It is a very common condition seen in general practice, ophthalmology, and emergency settings. While usually mild, conjunctivitis can sometimes point towards more serious pathology, so accurate diagnosis and management following NICE and Royal College of Ophthalmologists guidance is essential. Causes Conjunctivitis can be caused by: Infections: Viral (most common, often adenovirus) Bacterial (such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae) Allergic reactions: To allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Chemical irritants: Such as chlorine, smoke, or cleaning fluids. Foreign bodies: Like dust or debris entering the eye.

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