Drugs ( A to Z ) – Page 2 – Lambeth Health Press

Enalapril

Generic Name: Enalapril Common Brand Names: Vasotec, Renitec Introduction Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. It reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and post-myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. Conditions of Use (Indications) 1. Hypertension: First-line therapy for essential hypertension. 2. Heart Failure (HF): Reduces symptoms, hospitalizations, and mortality in systolic heart failure (HFrEF). 3.Post-Myocardial Infarction: Improves survival in patients with reduced ejection fraction. 4.Diabetic Nephropathy: Slows progression of kidney disease in diabetic patients. Mechanism of Action Enalapril is a prodrug converted to enalaprilat, which inhibits ACE. This prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to

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Furosemide

Generic Name: Furosemide Common Brand Names: Lasix, Furosemide Injection, Furosemide Oral Introduction Furosemide is a loop diuretic commonly used to treat conditions that involve fluid retention (edema) and hypertension. It works by inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle in the kidneys, leading to increased urine production and reduced fluid buildup in the body. Conditions of Use (Indications) Edema: Used to treat fluid retention associated with conditions such as congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome. Hypertension: Used to treat high blood pressure, often in combination with other antihypertensive medications. Acute Pulmonary Edema: Used in emergency situations to reduce fluid buildup in the lungs. Chronic Renal

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Gabapentin

Generic Name: Gabapentin Common Brand Names: Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant Introduction Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant and neuropathic pain agent. It is primarily used to treat seizures and various types of nerve pain, such as postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. It was originally developed as a treatment for epilepsy but is also effective in managing chronic pain syndromes. Conditions of Use (Indications) Epilepsy: Used as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures with or without secondary generalization. Neuropathic Pain: Indicated for the management of nerve pain, including diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia. Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Approved for the treatment of moderate to severe RLS. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Off-label use to treat anxiety

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Hydrochlorothiazide

Generic Name: Hydrochlorothiazide Common Brand Names: Microzide, HydroDIURIL, Esidrix Introduction Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and edema (fluid retention). It works by promoting the excretion of sodium and water through the kidneys, leading to a reduction in blood volume and blood pressure. Conditions of Use (Indications) Hypertension: Used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive medications to lower blood pressure. Edema: Treats fluid retention associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney disease. Nephrolithiasis: Off-label use to prevent the formation of calcium-containing kidney stones. Mechanism of Action Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys. This results in

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Ibuprofen

Generic Name: Ibuprofen Common Brand Names: Advil, Motrin, Nurofen Introduction Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for pain relief, fever reduction, and inflammation control. It works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in pain, fever, and inflammation. Conditions of Use (Indications) Pain: Used for mild to moderate pain, including headaches, menstrual cramps, dental pain, and musculoskeletal pain. Fever: Reduces fever in various conditions like colds and infections. Inflammation: Treats inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Post-operative Pain: Often used following surgery to manage pain and reduce inflammation. Mechanism of Action Ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1

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Insulin

Generic Name: Insulin (various formulations, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting) Common Brand Names: Rapid-acting: Humalog (insulin lispro), Novolog (insulin aspart), Apidra (insulin glulisine) Short-acting: Humulin R, Novolin R Intermediate-acting: Humulin N, Novolin N Long-acting: Lantus (insulin glargine), Levemir (insulin detemir), Tresiba (insulin degludec) Mixed formulations: Humalog Mix, Novolog Mix Introduction Insulin is a peptide hormone crucial for glucose metabolism. In diabetes management, exogenous insulin is used to mimic the natural action of endogenous insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. It is essential in type 1 diabetes and often used in type 2 diabetes when oral agents are insufficient. Conditions of Use (Indications) 1.Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Essential for survival

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Janssen Cilag (Brand)

Generic Name: Dapagliflozin Common Brand Names: Farxiga, Forxiga Introduction Dapagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor used primarily to treat type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. It works by inhibiting the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) in the kidneys, leading to reduced glucose reabsorption and increased glucose excretion in urine. Conditions of Use (Indications) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Helps to control blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Heart Failure: Reduces hospitalization rates and improves outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Chronic Kidney Disease: Used in patients with chronic kidney disease to reduce the progression of kidney failure. Mechanism of Action Dapagliflozin inhibits

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Ketoconazole

Generic Name: Ketoconazole Common Brand Names: Nizoral, Extina, Xolegel Introduction Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including those of the skin, nails, and systemic infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes. Conditions of Use (Indications) Fungal Infections: Treatment of dermatophyte infections, candidiasis, and systemic fungal infections. Seborrheic Dermatitis: Used topically for managing seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. Cushing’s Syndrome: Off-label use in managing endogenous Cushing’s syndrome by inhibiting cortisol synthesis. Mechanism of Action Ketoconazole inhibits the enzyme 14α-demethylase, which is involved in the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of the fungal cell membrane. By

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Lisinopril

Generic Name: Lisinopril Common Brand Names: Prinivil, Zestril Introduction Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used primarily in the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. It works by inhibiting the enzyme ACE, which leads to vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and reduced workload on the heart. Conditions of Use (Indications) Hypertension: Used to treat high blood pressure, either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive medications. Heart Failure: Improves symptoms and reduces mortality in patients with chronic heart failure, particularly those with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Chronic Kidney Disease: Helps slow the progression of renal dysfunction, particularly in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Mechanism of

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